Human Biology
Practice
Quiz # 11
Fill in the blank.
1. The epiphysis is the expanded
end of a long bone and is composed mostly of spongy bone.
2. The periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves, is composed of fibrous connective tissue and completely covers a bone with the exception of the articular cartilage.
3. The cylindrical unit of compact bone is called a/an osteon.
4. Lacunae are tiny cavities that contain osteocytes and are located in the concentric circles of matrix that surround the central canals.
5. Flat bones develop by ossification within connective tissue sheets through a process called intramembranous ossification.
6. Skull bones are not completely formed in a newborn infant, and are joined by membranous regions called fontanels.
7. The large opening in the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass into the cranium is called the foramen magnum.
8. The only moveable bone in the skull is the mandible.
9. The prominent cheekbones are formed by the zygomatic bones.
10. The bone that comprises your forehead is the frontal bone.
11. The upper jaw is formed by the two maxillary bones.
12. The only bone in the body that doesn't articulate with another bone is the hyoid bone.
13. There are a total of 12 pairs of ribs in the human body.
14. The point of the elbow is the olecranon process.
15. The knuckles of your fist are the heads of the metacarpal bones.
16. In the shoulder, the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid fossa or glenoid cavity of the scapula.
17. The anatomical name for the hip bones is the coxal bones.
18. The hip socket is also called the acetabulum.
19. The shin bone is more properly called the tibia.
20. The slender bone of the lower leg that does not bear weight is the fibula.
21. The calcaneous is commonly referred to as the heel bone.
22. An example of a fibrous joint would be the immoveable sutures of the skull.
23.Movement that increases the angle of a joint is referred to as extension.
Short Answer.
24. Name 4 types of cells found in bone and give the
function of each. 1. Osteogenic cells - undifferentiated
cells, give rise to osteoblasts
2.
Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells
3.
Osteocytes - mature osteoblasts, no longer form matrix, reside in lacunae
4.
Osteoclasts - bone-resorbing cells
26. Describe the epiphyseal growth plate. Be sure to include what type of tissue it is made of, where it is located, and what its function is. The epiphyseal growth plate is a zone of hyaline cartilage in long bones located between the medullary cavity and the secondary ossification center of the epiphysis. The growth plate produces hyaline cartilage which is then ossified and allows long bones to grow in length until such time as the growth plate stops producing cartilage and then completely ossifies.
27.
Name and describe the four stages of fracture repair.
1. Hematoma
formation - bone fracture bleeds and a clot forms
2. Fibrocartilage callus -
macrophages, capillaries, and fibroblasts invade and a callus of fibrocartilage
is formed
3. Bony callus - osteoblasts convert
the fibrocartilage into spongy bone which unites the broken ends
4. Remodeling - the spongy bone is
remodeled to compact bone in the outer layers, and spongy bone within the
medullary cavity is then reabsorbed.
28. Name five
functions of the skeleton.
1.
Supports the body
2. Protects
soft body parts
3. Produces
blood cells
4. Stores
fats and minerals
5. Permits
flexible body movements
29. Name the 8 bones of the
cranium. What is the difference between a cranial bone and a facial bone? Cranial
bones protect the brain, and are in direct contact with the membranes of the
brain (meninges).
Frontal
Temporal (2)
Parietal
(2) Sphenoid
Occipital
Ethmoid
30. The vertebral column normally has 4 curvatures
to add resiliency and strength to the back. Name and describe three abnormal
curvatures of the vertebral column.
Scoliosis
- abnormal lateral curvature
Kyphosis -
"hunchback", abnormal posterior curvature
Lordosis -
"swayback", abnormal anterior curvature
31. Name
the five anatomical regions of the vertebral column and specify how many
vertebrae are included in each region.
Cervical
- 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4
33 total
32. What distinguishes true ribs vs. false ribs. vs. floating ribs? And what
ribs belong to each of these classifications?
True ribs - (#1-7) directly
attach to sternum via costal cartilage
False ribs - (#8-12) either indirect connection
to sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7 or no connection at all.
Floating ribs - (#11-12) no connection to sternum
at all.
33. Name the bones that make up the pectoral girdle.
Clavicle
and scapula
36. Name the bones of the leg, from the hip to
the ankle, and the location of each.
Femur
- thigh
Patella -
knee cap
Tibia - inner
bone of lower leg (shin bone)
Fibula -
outer bone of lower leg
37. Name three characteristics of a synovial
joint.
1. Two
bones separated by a cavity
2. Ligaments form joint capsule
3. Synovial membrane of inner
joint capsule produces synovial fluid
38. Name two
examples of hinge joints in the human body.
Elbow , knee, joints of fingers & toes