1.      If a freshly voided urine sample is very dark in color, which of the following will be true?

              a. Its pH is below normal                              d. It will contain large amounts of urochrome
              b. It will have the odor of ammonia              e. It will contain excess bicarbonate ion
              c. It will contain excessive sodium

2. In a normal kidney, which of the following would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

             a. Constriction of the afferent arteriole
             b. Decrease in the pressure of the glomerulus
             c. An increase in capsular hydrostatic pressure
             d. A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
             e. A decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure

3. Characteristics of carrier-mediated transport processes include:

            a. A carrier protein that can bind a wide variety of substances
            b. A carrier protein that normally can move materials in either direction across the membrane
            c. A variable distribution of carrier proteins from one portion of the cell surface to another
            d. No saturation point
            e. A distribution of only one type of carrier in any one cell membrane

4. Urea is:

            a. Actively secreted in the distal convoluted tubule
            b. Actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
            c. Actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct
            d. Completely eliminated in the urine
            e. Passively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule

5. The mechanisms for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla require:

            a. Active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of nephron
             b. Active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta
             c. The ascending limb of the loop of nephron to be permeable to water
             d. The vasa recta to be impermeable to water
             e. All of the above

6. In response to excess water in the body:

             a. Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
             b. The active transport mechanisms in the ascending limb of the loop of nephron cease functioning
             c. The permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water is decreased
             d. The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of nephron is increased
             e. Glomerular filtration is reduced

7. The renal pelvis fills much of the renal _?_.

             a. Medulla                             d. Calices
             b. Pyramid                            e. Sinus
             c. Cortex

8. Atrial natriuretic factor is secreted in response to:

            a. Angiotensin                                          d. Aldosterone
            b. Hypertension                                        e. Hyponatremia
            c. Hypotension

9. Because of the _?_, very little albumin escapes from the blood during glomerular filtration.

            a. Oncotic pressure of the blood                      d. Basement membrane of glomerulus
            b. Hydrostatic pressure of the blood                e. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
            c. Fenestrated capillary endothelium

10.  Glucose gets from the tubular fluid into the cytoplasm of the proximal convoluted tubule by means of:

           a. Osmosis                                                          d. Solvent drag
           b. Secondary active transport                           e. The paracellular route
           c. Facilitated diffusion

11.  A simple squamous epithelium is found in:

            a. The parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule
            b. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule and the proximal convoluted tubule
            c. The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule and the thin segment of the nephron loop
            d. The proximal and distal convoluted tubules
            e. The ascending limb of the nephron loop and the collecting duct

12. The collecting duct reabsorbs not only water but also _?_, thus contributing to the osmotic gradient of the renal medulla.
             a. Sodium                                        d. Glucose
             b. Potassium                                   e. Urea
             c. Protein

13. A patient produces 80 ml of urine per hour. Her urine contains 9.0 mg of urea per ml, and her blood contains 0.20 mg urea per ml. What is her rate of renal clearance for urea?

14. Why does hydrogen ion concentration accelerate during starvation?

15. Identify and briefly describe each of the three barriers involved in glomerular fltration.

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